Carrie

Carrie (2013)

Summary:

Carrie is the story of a young woman treated as an outcast in her school. Things got worse when a video of her in the shower was uploaded online. In this video, she experiences her first menstrual period and was panicking, asking for other people’s help. However, the other girls ridiculed her through throwing napkins and tampons at her, shouting “plug it up!”. Her longtime Bully, Chris Hargensen is the one who records the event on her phone. Their gym teacher stopped the bullying and comforted Carrie sending her to her mother, Margaret, who is a person too religious and believes that menstruation is a sin. Margaret, thinking that showering with others is a sin, locked Carrie onto the “prayer closet”. This caused Carrie to scream, cracking the door. Miss Desjardin, the gym teacher, confronted and informed the girls that as a consequence to what they have done, they would have to endure boot camp. Chris refuses, and was therefore suspended and banned from attending the prom. She vowed revenge, storming out. Carrie soon learns of her ability, telekinesis. Sue Snell, feeling bad for what she did, asked her boyfriend Tommy Ross to ask Carrie to the prom. Tommy agrees and Carrie accepts the invitation; however, Margaret forbids her to go. Carrie, then, uses her powers and asked her mother to relent forcing her into the “prayer closet”. Margaret accused her that of being a witch and a devil. Chris and her boyfriend Billy planned revenge. They decided to kill a pig then proceeded to drain its blood. Sue, taunted by Chris, drives to the prom, arriving when Tommy and Carrie are about to be crowned. However, Miss Desjardin who thinks she’s there to humiliate Carrie forced her out. Carrie and Tommy were then crowned to be the Prom King and Queen because of Chris’ friend, Tina, slipping fake ballots into the voting box. Chris dumps the bucket of pig’s blood onto Carrie and Tommy. On the screen above the stage was Carrie’s video when she had her period. This incites laughter from the audience. The bucket suddenly falls and kills Tommy. Enraged, she used her powers and proceeded to kill everyone, igniting fire in the whole building. With Chris and Billy escaping, Carrie went after them. Carrie flips their car onto a gas station, setting the place on fire, killing them. Afterwards, she went home and was hugged by her mother. Margaret, then, attacks Carrie and stabbed her. Carried who attempts to flee, ultimately kills her mother with several sharp tools. When Sue arrived, Carrie grabs her, however, she was pushed to safety when Carrie senses something inside Sue wherein she tells her that it’s a girl.

Reflection:

Carrie is another adaptation of Stephen King’s 1974 novel and a remake of the 1976 film. The target audiences of this film are teenagers and adults. This movie mainly tackles the issue of bullying. Bullying is the root cause of why Carrie started going crazy. This teaches us a good moral story to not bully people, even if they are weird. Another issue here is how her mother, Margaret, raised Carrie. I think that Margaret is over the top in being religious. This caused Carrie to not become normal, developing social awkwardness. She was also restricted on a lot of ‘normal’ things. This is a film that portrays the issue well although it’s a bit over the top. This movie used “ethos”, appealing to morality of people and “pathos”, shown by the bullying and how Carrie reacts to it and how Carrie turned out at the end.

Overall, this movie was something that I enjoyed; however, as a big fan of horror movies, it isn’t something I’d consider as scary. It is interesting in a way though, but, I prefer the 1976 version better, because it felt more genuine. This remake is seemingly unnecessary in my point of view.

Toughest Place to be a Bus Driver (Documentary Analysis)

Mendoza, Joanne Carla D.

Nievera, Kate Micah V.

Ramos, Jenalyn R.

ENGLCOM A52B

DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS

            The documentary we watched is titled “Toughest Place to be a Bus Driver”. This documentary was primarily shot in San Andres located in the city of Manila, the most densely populated city in the world. It features a bus driver from London named Josh West who eventually met Rogelio Castro, a jeepney driver from Manila. The documentary “Toughest Place to be a driver, medic, fireman, etc.” is a BBC Two television documentary which features different professionals in the UK, who are either working or retired, to a completely different working environment in the same profession as they are. These people travel to a foreign country to work for ten days. This was produced by BBC, also known as British Broadcasting Corporation, which is a popular broadcasting statutory corporation in the UK. The BBC is known as the oldest national broadcasting organization and the largest broadcaster by employees in the world having 23,000 staff. It operates under a Royal Charter and a License and Agreement from the Home Secretary. It’s owned by the Government of United Kingdom.

The target audience of this documentary includes drivers all over the world as well as Filipino citizens. This concerns drivers all over the world since it is something that they can relate to because their fellow drivers were featured. Particularly, it shows the lives of two different drivers coming from different backgrounds. Filipino citizens are also affected by this documentary since it serves as a way for people to know how difficult it is to be living in a poor community.

            The purpose of this documentary is to show the reality of life of the people in slums, and to show how different the situation is in the Philippines and London. Through this video, and through the experience of Josh, we get to see that Manila is certainly the toughest place to be a bus driver.

            We saw Josh West, a bus driver from London, who was sent to the Philippines in order to experience how difficult it is to be a driver in Manila. He was constantly guided by a jeepney driver from the Philippines named Rogelio Castro. We saw how Josh took up a driving lesson in order to get the hang of driving a Filipino jeepney but experienced difficulties because of how different the vehicle is compared to what he usually drives which is an automated bus. Not only did he experienced driving a jeepney; he also saw how people in a poor community lives and how much they suffer. He left his comfort zone and immersed himself with others so that he can try and experience a life opposite to his even if it’s just for 10 days. He became truly attached to the family he was with and we saw how this experience affected him as a human being.

There is a huge difference between the vehicles, particularly buses, in London and vehicles in the Philippines. It is quite obvious that buses in London are highly technological and far more advanced than those found in the Philippines. It also shows how different the earnings are of Josh and Mang Rogelio. Josh gets paid more for an hour’s work than what Mang Rogelio gets for a whole day’s work. Mang Rogelio’s self built home measure 10 x 10ft and is home to people from three generations. With this, it seems like a driver in London lives a better life compare to that of a driver in the Philippines. One thing that Josh pointed out in the documentary is that – “If I was born here I’d be in the same situation as you. It’s just by chance that I was born in London”.

            The producer of this documentary used music that can touch the heart and clips such as the woman making “pagpag”, how there are many people living under one roof, and how one woman is unable to support her family because she has many children. Using these sort of clips makes it an appeal to pity as they make the viewers sympathize and empathize with the people shown in the videos. The life between a driver from London and a driver from Manila was compared and shown how different and opposite the lifestyle of these people are. The producer of this documentary was subjective and serious. It has shown the reality of life people in slums experienced even if it may be criticized by viewers because it only shows the bad side of Manila. The type of evidence the documentary uses is pathos mainly because it tackles many emotional issues. Despite the comfortable life experienced by many people living in the Philippines, it is still undeniable that the number of poor people is greater. A particular issue tackled in the documentary is the story of a woman selling “pagpag”, a type of food made from leftovers. It is saddening seeing the plight of these people who are working so hard but still stays in the same situation.

            The documentary serves as an eye-opener to the Filipinos and foreigners. Going out in one’s comfort zone may sometimes be a good thing since it makes us realize that there is a bigger picture outside our life. It is a heartwarming documentary which shows how tough it is to live in a poor community and makes a person think about how lucky they are to be able to live a life that is comfortable. Although we tend to help people in need, watching this makes us think that it is actually possible to do more and become better people so that the society can improve more. It had a great impact on our lives, that we have changed our views and perspectives regarding jeepney drivers. Before, it is unavoidable to get irritated to the drivers since they always try to carry more passengers when the jeepney is already full; but now, we understand that it is necessary for them to do this so they can earn money for their family and so that they can sustain their daily needs. Watching this video puts an imprint on our minds and hearts to always remember that we, us human beings, can be of a better help to others. We think that what we have isn’t enough, but seeing this video, it made us realize how we actually have a lot compared to those who are less fortunate. This documentary is certainly informative, letting the Filipinos know that difficulties are part of the reality of living.

            

Media Log # 5 - One Piece

One Piece (Japanese manga and anime series)

SUMMARY:

                One Piece is a story about a young boy's adventure to find a treasure. The main character is named Monkey D. Luffy who accidentally ate a devil fruit when he was a child. This gave him the ability to be a rubber man, able to stretch his arms, legs, and any part of his body. A devil fruit is something that when eaten, gives power on the eater. As a result, devil fruit users cannot swim in sea water. 

Luffy's main goal is to be the King of the Pirates.

In order to do this, he must find One Piece, a treasure left by a man previously known as the King of the Pirates, Gol. D Roger who was executed by the Marines. Before his death, he announces that his treasure, One Piece, is hidden by him and available to anyone who can find it. This caused the beginning of the Pirate Era wherein countless pirates set out to the Grand Line to look for this treasure.

Twenty two years after Gol's execution, Luffy, inspired by a powerful pirate popularly known as Red Haired Shanks, who saved him when he was a child, sets off to the East Blue Sea to find One Piece and fulfill his ultimate goal in becoming the King of Pirates. As the story progresses, he created his crew called the Straw Hat Pirates because he always wear the straw hat given to him by Shanks.

Luffy befriends a swordsman named Roronoa Zoro who he saved from the Marines, the enemy of pirates. Zoro became the first crewmate of Luffy. They soon meet Nami, a navigator and a thief; Usopp, a sniper and popularly known as a liar; and Sanji, a chef that has immense love for women. One of Usopp's friends were able to give the crew a nice boat to which they call Going Merry. All these meetings resulted to confrontations with enemies Buggy the Clown, Captain Kuro and Don Krieg. As the others join the crew, they encounter Arlong, a fishman and a member of a popular pirate crew, Sun Pirates, who thinks that human beings are inferior to fishmen. Arlong has been terrorizing Nami's town and this caused Nami to leave the crew temporarily. However, after Luffy defeats Arlong, Nami officially joins the crew. They then started to gain bounties particularly Luffy and Zoro. Luffy then soon met Captain Smoker, a devil fruit user able to turn to smoke. He captures Luffy and threatened to execute him but was saved by his father, Monkey D. Dragon, the world's most wanted man by the World Government. They later befriend a doctor named Tony Tony Chopper, a reindeer from the Drum Island that has the ability of a devil fruit enabling him to do things like a normal human being, Franky, a shipwright and Nico Robin, an archaeologist who also has the ability of the devil fruit which enables her to have multiple hands as she wishes.

                                                        

  

As their journey continues, they encountered different trials such as when Robin almost gave herself up to the marines in order to save her crew and they also faced various enemies such as Crocodile, Cipher Pol No. 9 (World Government's intelligence agency). The final battle with the CP9 which determines whether they can save Robin ended, with the Straw hat pirates gaining friends such as Iceberg, a mermaid, etc. Because Going Merry was too worn out to fix, Franky built a new, bigger, and much nicer ship to which they call "Thousand Sunny". They soon meet a musician skeleton named Brook who was supposed to be dead some years ago but was saved because of his devil fruit ability.

Their adventures continue and progress. They meet new enemies and gain new friends. Their bounties go up as they go against the World Government, Marines, and other pirates.

EVALUATION:

One Piece is a very popular manga series in Japan which caused it to have an anime adaptation. The author, Eiichiro Oda is highly respected by people from over the world. One Piece currently has more than 600 episodes aired, with it developing merchandise such as films, OVA, video games, tv specials, etc. The series had sold over 345 million volumes worldwide, making it the best-selling manga series in history. It has been critically acclaimed for its humor and amazing story.

I am a person whom you can call an Otaku. I am very obsessed with different mangas and animes and I have watched countless series but I've never ever been this attached to an anime before.  I can say that I am a very big fan of the anime and the manga One Piece. I could say that it is a part of me that can't be removed. It's something that has been instilled to my mind and my heart.

I've been a fan of the series ever since the early 2000's. The story and how the different characters evolve was very fun to watch. I highly recommend it to people of all ages. It has a unique storyline and every episode was fun to watch. I have watched all episodes, and even the fillers are mostly good. It's an anime that is somehow intense and thrilling but at the same time, funny as well. Even in the most dire situations, there will be times wherein you can't help but laugh because of the humor inserted in certain situations. This is such a brilliant manga and anime by Oda. It's amazing to me how it can still be so interesting even after 600 episodes because certain animes that lasts this long slowly becomes boring because of the plot being too repetitive; however, this manga was able to sustain its greatness! I could not ask for more.

One Piece, for me, is the best anime series that I have ever watched.

References:

Photobucket.com (all images)

Reflection (Media Log)

                To be quite frank, making a media log is quite challenging; however, I do enjoy writing and voicing out my thoughts regarding certain topics. I think that writing media logs has developed my reading ability as I am able to skip and skim more. But, there are times wherein skipping doesn't help me since there are some small details that I missed which are quite important in the story. I think that in order to understand a story/topic fully, proper reading and analyzing of a full text is sometimes necessary. There are times that I feel too lazy to actually make a review as I am not a person who can just think of words spontaneously and write something fast. I have to take my time, possibly much longer than others, especially if the topic is quite complicated. 

Media Log #4 - An Inconvenient Truth

LINK TO DOCUMENTARY: http://putlocker.bz/watch-an-inconvenient-truth-online-free-putlocker.html

An Inconvenient Truth 

Summary:

Inconvenient truth focuses on Al Gore's journey to educate people about how the world is in danger because of climate crisis. Al Gore used to be the vice president of USA during Clinton's administration. In this documentary, he shows important points regarding global warming. He included illustrations about the impact of it  in the world. He pointed out the relationship between the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and the temperature over a 650,000 years period. He talked about the melting of ice in Kilimanjaro, the ocean's increase in temperature that created tornadoes, and the sea levels that were rising because of the melting of the ice. He also mentioned about how many people have died due to high temperature and waves. An example for this is India wherein 1400 people died during 2003 because of high temperature. Photographs of the Earth taken from space were also showed. He stated that these photos have dramatically transformed how we see Earth.

Throughout the movie, he talked about how climate change would affect us a lot in the future. He stresses that climate change is a moral issue and not a political one. He describes the consequences of not caring for global warming and if greenhouse gases is not reduced. He stated that the Carbon Dioxide in Antarctic is much higher now compare to before. This film also showed the voice of critics who believes that global warming is insignificant.

Al Gore says that it is still possible to take appropriate actions and reverse the effect of global warming. This is through releasing less Carbon Dioxide and planting more vegetation to consume the existing Carbon Dioxide. Although the situation regarding global warming appears dire, he still speaks looking forward to the future with hope. He concluded the film by saying that we are all causes of global warming; but, we can all make a change through the choices we make, through the things we buy, electricity we use, and the cars we drive. He said that we are individuals that can make choices. We have a choice to reduce pollution, reduce carbon emissions, etc. The solution is in our hands, we just have to make the choice so that we can make it happen. His presentation concludes with practical advice as to how man can play a role in curbing climate change such as "recycle" "encourage everyone you know to watch", etc.

REFLECTION:

The movie Inconvenient Truth has certainly opened my eyes to see how much damage people are inflicting on earth due to ignorance and selfishness. The environment is degrading fast and it's all because of our doings. This film shows how we are responsible for what is happening in our environment. The environment is suffering endlessly because of how much people are unsatisfied in life and desires endlessly.  

This is certainly an amazing film and an eye opener about the danger we could experience if climate change continues. As much as this film made me think about how many things I could possibly do in order to help; it also made me feel guilty. Realizations about how bad the world is coming onto has crossed my mind  countless times yet I refuse to acknowledge this fact and do little to help save the environment. Small things like reducing the use of air-c0nditioners, other electronics, hair sprays, etc. are small things that I find extremely hard to give up or lessen. This is the problem with people. We refuse to sacrifice the different conveniences, particularly luxuries/unnecessary things even though we know that not using these stuff would help the environment.

It makes me extremely guilty thinking about how I could help make a difference yet not be able to do so. Thinking that I have contributed to the current state of the world makes me feel like I'm not a good person. There are so many things I would want to do to help lessen the pollution, but I have no idea how to even begin. 

Seeing how much the world is changing and how much danger surrounding our future is heartbreaking. Global warming is real and it's not something that can be easily solved yet we do little to prevent it. Maybe this is the inconvenient truth. As the technology in the world increases, the environment continues to degrade. The people becomes more selfish and ignorant. 

Al Gore's a person who I look up to. Having the courage to actually talk about global warming is amazing. I just wished I have the courage to tell people to stop littering or to help save the environment; but, I don't.

Just watching this film made me feel like I have to make a difference. I have to help protect and save mother earth while it's still possible. Because time will come that the earth will die because of us, because of our carelessness and ignorance. We have to save the environment, for the next generation.   

Media Log # 3 - Editorial

EDITORIAL - A call for teachers

Reference: The Philippine Star (2013). A call for teachers. Retrieved on 10 February 2014 from http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/10/06/1241995/editorial-call-teachers.

Summary:

Teachers play a vital role in developing national competitiveness. While others have been investing heavily in public education and strengthening institutions, for the past decades, the Philippines has lagged behind many countries because of its inability to be competitive. The government is currently trying to eliminate this trend by raising salaries and easing the workload; however, another phenomenon occurred which is the transfer of teachers from private to public schools since it's starting to regain its popularity. In 2010, the government was able to hire thousands of teachers causing the class sizes to shrink. More can be done for those who takes this type of job. Other countries persist to motion with better pay for educators. Apart from long hours and extra work, teachers in the Philippines need protection in conflict areas and during elections.

There is a shortage of teachers worldwide which is reflected in last year's slogan "A Call for teachers". UNESCO pointed out that for people to achieve global citizenship and cultural diversity, quality teachers are needed. This means that for a foundation for lasting peace, better status of living, and development, there should be quality education for all.

Evaluation:

The author of this editorial clearly states that people in the Philippines need quality education in order to attain peace, a better standard of living and to teach young people to conduct themselves honorably as an adult. I do agree with the statement of the author who implies that we need teachers so that we can catch up well with other countries.

I believe teaching is an honorable profession; however, with education becoming a very popular career and with our past experience in shortage of teacher, most people pass on being teachers even without having the proper classification in teaching. This should be addressed. Also, teachers deserve more benefits from the government but because of our government being so corrupt, they take care of themselves and their benefactors first instead of serving the citizens in the country.

Media Log # 2 - Battle Royale

BATTLE ROYALE 

by Koushun Takami

SUMMARY:

Battle Royale is a story that takes place in 1997. It takes place in an alternate present, wherein Japan is part of an authoritarian state. A group of students from Shiroiwa Junior High School was told to have a school trip. In the town of Shiroiwa in Kagawa Prefecture, while the students were having fun on the bus, they were gassed. They awaken in Okishima which is an isolated and an evacuated island. They learn that they have been chosen to be part of an event called the Program. The Program was officially a military research project, it is a means of terrorizing the citizen, creating paranoia so that they could make organized insurgency impossible.

The 'leader' oriented them about the Program. Fifty third-year junior high school classes are selected annually to participate in the Program for research purposes. The students are isolated and are required to fight their classmates to death. The only way to escape from the island is to survive. The students will be given a collar that is on their neck. This has microphones, tracking devices as well as a bomb. If they try to escape in another way by entering declared forbidden zone, the metal collar with a bomb in their neck will be detonated and thus kill the wearer. The Program ends when only one student remains. That student will be declares as the winner and will receive a funded pension from the government. If no one dies within 24 hours, every collar will detonate simultaneously and there will be no winner.

During the briefing two students angered the supervisor, and thus were both killed violently. After the students were briefed, the students were given survival packs such as maps, compass, weapons, food, etc. As the students were released, people started to kill each other. There were some who refused to kill and was thus killed by their colleagues. There were also some who committed suicide.

In the end, only four students remained: Shuya Nanahara (protagonist), Noriko Nakagawa (love line of Shuya), Shogo Kawada (a survivor from the previous battle), and Kazuo Kiriyama (the main antagonist). During a car chase between Kazuo and the other main characters, Noriko kills Kazuo by shooting him; however, Shogo, not wanting to make Noriko feel guilty of killing shot Kazuo and claimed he was responsible for Kazuo's death. After telling Shuya and Noriko that he will kill them, Shogo shoots in the air twice, faking their deaths for the microphones planted on their collars. The supervisors believing that Shogo's the winner, becomes at ease and Shogo dismantles the collars using information that he previously got from hacking into government servers. Shogo boards the winner's ship, while Shuya and Noriko  covertly followed. On the ship, Kinpatsu (Supervisor) finds out Shogo's plan to help Shuya and Noriko escape. A shootout then occurs and Sakamochi is killed and Shogo dies in peace after telling Noriko and Shuya to keep moving forward on the ship. The two remaining survivors then return to the mainland and attempt to find a clinic belonging to a friend of Shogo's father. From there, they make plans to escape to the U.S., facing an uncertain future as they run from the authorities who have spotted them as they try to board a train. 

REFLECTION: 

Battle Royale is one of my favorite novels because of its exquisite story and interesting way of writing. Although the novel was quite gory and violent, it is very powerful and enjoyable to read. I, myself, have found it to be a very realistic and terrifying portrayal of what a person, in this case, 15 year old students, might feel and what they might do if put in a situation wherein they will have to kill their own friends and classmates to survive. This is an absolutely brilliant book that takes you into a rollercoaster ride. Making you feel happy, sad and angry a lot of times. The target audience of this book is probably more on people around the age of 16 and above. The novel was too violent and too deep for children to understand the concept of the book. It also has mature themes in language, and sexual references. This novel can be classified as a dystopian book, wherein the future is quite bleak and dangerous. It provided a grotesque glimpse of the dark side of humanity.

The main theme of this story is about TRUST. It shows different as well as realistic concepts about trust. Some students believed and trusted their classmates when they should have, while some didn't trust when they should have. This theme was shown all though out the book, and this 'trust' was the main reason why many of the characters ended up dying.

The personal stories of the students were also intriguing. As a person studying psychology, it was very interesting seeing how decisions were carried out all throughout the novel.

I remember reading the book and becoming extremely excited to the point that I could not sleep if I didn't finish a chapter. This book, although some might think is just pure violence, is something that subtly and sometimes obviously gives you life lessons, teaching you how to value your life, how everyone has some dark secrets and sides that would only be exposed in times of complete desperation, and how sometimes the people you ought to trust were those who ought to betray you.

This book is something that is pulse-pounding and makes your adrenaline rush. It's genius and brilliant! I cannot exclaim more how much I love and admire this book. It is something that I would definitely recommend others to read. 

Media Log # 1 - The Pursuit of Happyness

Summary: 
A man named Chris Gardner invests his family’s savings on scanners introducing it as a handy quantum leap over standard X-Rays. While he is able to sell most of them, his financial demands kept on growing thus causing his already bitter wife Linda to leave him. Since Linda bluntly said that she is incapable of being a single mother, she agrees to have her son, Christopher stay with Chris.While Chris was in downtown he meets a manager, Jay Twistle whom he impressed by solving a Rubik's Cube during a short cab ride, and was therefore offered to be a stockbroker employee. Meanwhile, his landlord gave him more time to live in their current place with the condition of getting the place ready for an incoming tenant before they depart. Chris was offered an internship, he wasn't getting paid and on top of that he finds out his bank account was garnished by the IRS because he had so many unpaid taxes. Chris and his son experienced such hardship, becoming homeless and even at one point, spending a night in a public bathroom at a gas station. He also spent nights at a homeless shelter with his son. He managed not to reveal his circumstances to his co workers, even though he is experiencing so many obstacles including financial problems. Chris struggles finally paid off in the end, and ended up getting a position in his work. 

Reflection:

The "Pursuit of Happyness" which is based on a true story is a heartwarming film that can definitely capture one's heart. It is a movie that shows you the importance of family and money. Its target audience are more on teenagers and adults. Kids may have a hard time appreciating the film since it's too dramatic.

The movie conflates two concepts which are survival and success. In this movie, Chris Gardner suffers lost job/income and divorce yet he manages to fight against all odds and eventually escapes the poverty he was in. This struggle and display of human spirit is uplifting. It captures the truly horrific feeling of being broke. Will Smith's portrayal was seriously outstanding. The movie represents an important concept of life. It was mentioned in the film how Thomas Jefferson called the Declaration of Independence "pursuit of happiness" because you could never quite catch it. From this movie, the right answer seems to be realizing what is truly important in life, the pursuit of happiness in this film ended when Chris Gardner lands a six-figure commissioned salary brokerage job. He achieved the happiness when he went against all odds and succeeded. 

Possibly my favorite line in the film was when Chris Gardner said

"Don't ever let somebody tell you that you can't do something. Not even me, all right? You got a dream. You gotta protect it. People can't do something themselves, they wanna tell you you can't do it. If you want something, go get it. Period" 

This movie is simply amazing. The fact that it is real inspires me even more. The epilogue reveals that Chris went on to become a successful man and formed his own multi-million dollar brokerage film. Chris serves as a hope, an inspiration to all those people who  feels like it's the end of the road for them. He is someone whom I admire a lot and whom I hope to become in the future.